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Câu 1: In macroeconomics, 'Investment' (I) specifically refers to:
- - Spending on new capital equipment, inventories, and structures
- - The purchase of stocks and bonds in the financial market
- - The total amount of money saved by households
- - Government spending on social welfare programs
Câu 2: What happens to a country's 'net capital outflow' (NCO) if its domestic 'real interest rate' rises?
- - NCO decreases as domestic assets become more attractive
- - NCO increases as investors flee the country
- - NCO remains unchanged as it only depends on GDP
- - NCO becomes equal to the nominal interest rate
Câu 3: Which of the following occurs during the 'crowding out' effect?
- - Government spending increases lead to lower interest rates and higher investment
- - Higher taxes lead to a decrease in government debt
- - Government borrowing increases interest rates, which reduces private investment
- - Private investment increases because of a decrease in the money supply
Câu 4: What does the theory of Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) imply about exchange rates?
- - Exchange rates are fixed by international agreements
- - A unit of any given currency should be able to buy the same quantity of goods in all countries
- - Exchange rates only depend on the gold reserves of a nation
- - Developing countries always have stronger currencies than developed countries
Câu 5: Disposable income is the amount of income that households have available for spending and saving after paying what?
- - All consumption expenditures
- - Personal current taxes
- - Mortgage and interest payments
- - Business investment costs
Câu 6: In the context of the Solow Growth Model, what is the primary determinant of long-run economic growth in output per worker?
- - The savings rate
- - The rate of population growth
- - Technological progress
- - Capital accumulation without technical change
Câu 7: Which type of unemployment is most likely caused by a mismatch between the skills of workers and the requirements of available jobs?
- - Frictional unemployment
- - Cyclical unemployment
- - Structural unemployment
- - Seasonal unemployment
Câu 8: If the Marginal Propensity to Consume (MPC) is 0.8, what is the value of the simple spending multiplier?
- - 1.25
- - 4
- - 5
- - 8
Câu 9: Which of the following would be recorded as a credit in a country's Balance of Payments?
- - Export of tourism services to foreign visitors
- - Import of electronic components from abroad
- - Purchase of foreign stocks by domestic residents
- - Foreign aid payments sent to another country
Câu 10: The Fisher effect states that in the long run, an increase in the inflation rate leads to:
- - A decrease in the nominal interest rate
- - An equal increase in the nominal interest rate
- - A decrease in the real interest rate
- - No change in the nominal interest rate
Câu 11: What are 'shoeleather costs' associated with inflation?
- - The cost of changing price tags and printing new catalogs
- - The distortion of relative prices and misallocation of resources
- - The resources wasted when inflation encourages people to reduce their money holdings
- - The unintended redistribution of wealth from creditors to debtors
Câu 12: Which of the following would cause the Short-Run Aggregate Supply (SRAS) curve to shift to the left?
- - An increase in the expected future price level
- - A decrease in the price of raw materials
- - An improvement in technology
- - An increase in the labor force participation rate
Câu 13: The short-run Phillips curve illustrates a trade-off between which two economic variables?
- - Interest rates and investment
- - Saving and consumption
- - Inflation and unemployment
- - Exports and imports
Câu 14: Which of the following is considered a 'transfer payment' and therefore excluded from GDP?
- - The salary of a public school teacher
- - A Social Security check sent to a retiree
- - Government purchase of a new jet fighter
- - A payment made to a construction firm for a new highway
Câu 15: If a country has a trade surplus, which of the following must be true regarding its Net Exports (NX) and Net Capital Outflow (NCO)?
- - NX is positive and NCO is positive
- - NX is positive and NCO is negative
- - NX is negative and NCO is positive
- - NX is negative and NCO is negative
Câu 16: When the central bank conducts an 'Open Market Sale' of government bonds, what is the most likely immediate result?
- - The money supply decreases and interest rates rise
- - The money supply increases and interest rates fall
- - Both the money supply and interest rates decrease
- - Both the money supply and interest rates increase
Câu 17: The 'menu costs' of inflation refer to:
- - The costs of firms changing their prices
- - The increased cost of dining at restaurants
- - The physical wear and tear on currency
- - The loss of purchasing power for fixed-income earners
Câu 18: If the real exchange rate for the U.S. dollar appreciates, what is the most likely impact on U.S. trade?
- - U.S. exports become cheaper for foreigners
- - U.S. net exports will likely decrease
- - Foreign goods become more expensive for U.S. consumers
- - The trade balance will move toward a larger surplus
Câu 19: What does the Long-Run Phillips Curve (LRPC) represent in macroeconomic theory?
- - There is no long-run trade-off between inflation and unemployment
- - Unemployment decreases as inflation increases in the long run
- - Inflation and unemployment are positively correlated in the long run
- - The economy always operates at zero inflation in the long run
Câu 20: What is the 'crowding-out effect' of expansionary fiscal policy?
- - The increase in tax revenue that occurs when the economy grows
- - The reduction in aggregate demand that results when a fiscal expansion raises the interest rate
- - The tendency of consumers to spend more when government debt increases
- - The process where foreign investors buy more domestic government bonds
Câu 21: In the context of the fractional reserve banking system, how is the money multiplier calculated?
- - The reciprocal of the reserve ratio
- - The reserve ratio multiplied by the money supply
- - The change in reserves divided by the change in loans
- - The ratio of currency to total deposits
Câu 22: Which of the following is an example of an 'automatic stabilizer' in the economy?
- - A new law passed by Congress to increase infrastructure spending
- - The decision by the Central Bank to lower interest rates
- - Progressive income taxes that decrease as household income falls
- - The imposition of a new tariff on imported goods
Câu 23: What is the primary function of money when it is used to post prices and record debts?
- - Medium of exchange
- - Unit of account
- - Store of value
- - Standard of deferred payment
Câu 24: What does the short-run Phillips curve represent?
- - The positive relationship between the price level and real GDP
- - The trade-off between inflation and unemployment
- - The relationship between tax rates and tax revenue
- - The inverse relationship between the interest rate and investment
Câu 25: In a fractional-reserve banking system, if the 'required reserve ratio' is 10 percent, what is the 'money multiplier'?
- - 10
- - 0.1
- - 100
- - 5