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Câu 1: On a commercial bank's balance sheet, which of the following is categorized as a liability?
- - Consumer loans
- - Reserves at the central bank
- - Checkable deposits
- - Government securities
Câu 2: How is fiat money defined in modern economies?
- - Money backed by a physical commodity like gold
- - Currency without intrinsic value backed by government decree
- - Any form of money that can be used for international trade
- - Electronic currency that exists only in digital form
Câu 3: If the money supply is 500 dollars, the velocity of money is 4, and real GDP is 1,000 units, what is the price level according to the Equation of Exchange (MV = PY)?
- - 0.5
- - 5
- - 20
- - 2
Câu 4: Which of the following describes 'direct finance'?
- - Borrowers selling securities directly to lenders
- - Borrowers obtaining loans from a commercial bank
- - Depositors putting money into a savings account
- - Insurance companies investing premiums in real estate
Câu 5: According to Gresham's Law, when two types of money have the same face value but different intrinsic values:
- - Good money drives out bad money
- - Both will circulate equally
- - Bad money drives out good money
- - The price level will decrease
Câu 6: In the derivatives market, a 'call option' gives the holder the right to:
- - Sell an asset at a specified price within a specific time period
- - Buy an asset at a specified price within a specific time period
- - Exchange a fixed interest rate for a floating interest rate
- - Receive a guaranteed dividend payment from a corporation
Câu 7: Which of the following would cause a 'Bank Run'?
- - A large increase in bank profits and dividends
- - A sudden rush of depositors withdrawing their funds due to fears of bank insolvency
- - A decrease in the required reserve ratio by the central bank
- - The successful implementation of deposit insurance
Câu 8: Why is central bank independence generally considered beneficial for long-term economic stability?
- - It allows the government to fund deficits more easily
- - It ensures that the central bank follows the President's orders
- - It reduces the likelihood of a political business cycle and high inflation
- - It guarantees that interest rates will always remain low
Câu 9: What is the primary purpose of 'discounting' in financial calculations?
- - To calculate the future value of a current investment
- - To determine the present value of future cash flows
- - To find the cheapest price for a consumer good
- - To eliminate the risk of inflation entirely
Câu 10: Which of the following financial instruments is typically traded in the money market?
- - Corporate stocks
- - Treasury bills
- - Residential mortgages
- - Long-term corporate bonds
Câu 11: Which of the following is an example of systemic risk in the financial system?
- - A specific company's stock price falling due to poor management
- - A fire damaging a single bank branch
- - The failure of a major financial institution causing a widespread collapse of the market
- - An individual investor losing money on a bad bond trade
Câu 12: Which body within the Federal Reserve System is responsible for directing open market operations to influence the money supply?
- - Federal Advisory Council
- - Board of Governors
- - Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC)
- - Federal Reserve Banks' Board of Directors
Câu 13: In financial markets, which phenomenon occurs BEFORE a transaction when potential borrowers who are the most likely to produce undesirable outcomes are the ones who most actively seek out loans?
- - Moral hazard
- - Free-rider problem
- - Adverse selection
- - Liquidity risk
Câu 14: What is the effect of an increase in the 'Required Reserve Ratio' on the money multiplier?
- - The money multiplier increases
- - The money multiplier decreases
- - The money multiplier remains the same
- - The money multiplier becomes zero
Câu 15: In a simple model of the banking system, how is the deposit multiplier calculated?
- - 1 divided by the required reserve ratio
- - 1 multiplied by the excess reserve ratio
- - The sum of currency and required reserves
- - The ratio of M2 to M1 money supply
Câu 16: What is generally considered the primary cause of hyperinflation (inflation exceeding 50% per month)?
- - Excessive government spending financed by printing large amounts of money
- - A sudden increase in the demand for technology exports
- - A decrease in the minimum wage set by the government
- - Maintaining a balanced national budget
Câu 17: According to the theory of Purchasing Power Parity (PPP), if a basket of goods costs 100 USD in the US and 2,000,000 VND in Vietnam, what should the exchange rate be?
- - 20,000 VND per USD
- - 2,000 VND per USD
- - 200,000 VND per USD
- - 200 VND per USD
Câu 18: If the total value of nominal GDP in an economy is 2,000 billion dollars and the money supply is 500 billion dollars, what is the velocity of money?
- - 0.25
- - 10
- - 2,500
- - 4
Câu 19: According to the Expectations Theory of the term structure, a flat yield curve indicates that market participants expect future short-term interest rates to do what?
- - Rise significantly
- - Fall sharply
- - Remain unchanged
- - Become volatile
Câu 20: If the required reserve ratio is 10% and the central bank injects 1,000 dollars of new reserves into the banking system, what is the maximum possible increase in the total money supply, assuming no currency drain?
- - 1,000 dollars
- - 100,000 dollars
- - 10,000 dollars
- - 9,000 dollars
Câu 21: Which of the following is a key requirement for a central bank to successfully implement an inflation targeting regime?
- - Institutional independence and transparency
- - Maintaining a fixed exchange rate at all times
- - Keeping interest rates constant regardless of inflation
- - Ensuring the government budget is always in surplus
Câu 22: What is a fundamental difference between common stock and corporate bonds?
- - Bonds represent ownership, while stock represents debt
- - Stock represents ownership, while bonds represent a debt obligation
- - Bonds always pay higher returns than stocks in the long run
- - Stocks have a fixed maturity date, while bonds do not
Câu 23: According to the Fisher Equation, if the nominal interest rate is 7% and the expected inflation rate is 3%, what is the approximate real interest rate?
- - 10%
- - 4%
- - 2.33%
- - 21%
Câu 24: In a fractional reserve banking system, the money multiplier is primarily determined by which of the following?
- - The velocity of money
- - The required reserve ratio
- - The nominal interest rate
- - The government budget deficit
Câu 25: A 'Coupon Bond' pays the owner a fixed interest payment every year until the maturity date, at which time the ______ is repaid.
- - Market price
- - Face value
- - Discounted value
- - Accumulated interest