1. What is the term for the movement of individuals or groups from one social position to another?
A. Social stratification
B. Social mobility
C. Social differentiation
D. Social inequality
2. According to Émile Durkheim, what is the term for the social cohesion that results from the interdependence of individuals in complex societies?
A. Mechanical solidarity
B. Organic solidarity
C. Collective conscience
D. Social integration
3. Which research method is most suitable for exploring the lived experiences of individuals in a particular social setting?
A. Survey research
B. Experimental research
C. Ethnography
D. Secondary data analysis
4. What is the term for the social institution that is responsible for the production and distribution of goods and services?
A. The family
B. The economy
C. The government
D. The education system
5. What is the term for the systematic study of human society and social interaction?
A. Psychology
B. Anthropology
C. Sociology
D. Political science
6. Which of the following is an example of a `master status`?
A. A student
B. A parent
C. A doctor
D. A person`s race or ethnicity
7. Which of the following best describes the concept of `cultural relativism`?
A. The belief that one`s own culture is superior to others
B. Judging a culture by its own standards
C. The process of cultural diffusion
D. The imposition of one culture on another
8. What is the term for the ability to see the relationship between individual experiences and larger social forces?
A. Social Darwinism
B. The sociological imagination
C. Symbolic interaction
D. Functional analysis
9. What is the term for the process by which social problems are defined and addressed as medical issues?
A. Medicalization
B. Demedicalization
C. Sick role
D. Medical sociology
10. Which sociological perspective emphasizes the importance of social institutions in maintaining social order and stability?
A. Symbolic interactionism
B. Conflict theory
C. Functionalism
D. Feminist theory
11. Which sociological perspective is most likely to analyze how gender roles are socially constructed and contribute to inequality?
A. Functionalism
B. Conflict theory
C. Symbolic interactionism
D. Feminist theory
12. Which sociological theory suggests that crime results from a breakdown in social norms and values?
A. Strain theory
B. Labeling theory
C. Control theory
D. Differential association theory
13. What is the sociological term for the lifelong process of learning the norms, values, and beliefs of a culture?
A. Assimilation
B. Socialization
C. Acculturation
D. Innovation
14. What is the term for a group of people who share a common characteristic, such as age or occupation?
A. Aggregate
B. Category
C. Social group
D. Primary group
15. What is the term for the process by which a minority group gradually adopts the customs and attitudes of the dominant culture?
A. Segregation
B. Assimilation
C. Pluralism
D. Discrimination
16. Which research method involves systematically observing and recording behavior in a natural setting?
A. Survey research
B. Experimental research
C. Participant observation
D. Secondary data analysis
17. Which sociological perspective is most likely to focus on micro-level interactions and the meanings individuals attach to symbols?
A. Functionalism
B. Conflict theory
C. Symbolic interactionism
D. Feminist theory
18. Which of the following is a key element of the sociological perspective on deviance?
A. Deviance is solely a matter of individual choice.
B. Deviance is always harmful to society.
C. Deviance is socially constructed and varies across cultures.
D. Deviance is primarily caused by biological factors.
19. What is the term for a negative attitude or belief about a particular group of people?
A. Discrimination
B. Prejudice
C. Stereotype
D. Racism
20. What is the term for the unequal distribution of wealth, power, and prestige in a society?
A. Social stratification
B. Social mobility
C. Social inequality
D. Social differentiation
21. Which of the following is an example of a `secondary group`?
A. A family
B. A close-knit group of friends
C. A classroom of students
D. A sports team
22. Which of the following is an example of a manifest function of education?
A. Providing childcare for working parents
B. Transmitting knowledge and skills
C. Creating social networks
D. Delaying entry into the workforce
23. Which of the following is NOT typically considered a characteristic of a bureaucracy, according to Max Weber?
A. A clear division of labor
B. A hierarchy of authority
C. Informal rules and procedures
D. Impersonality
24. According to Robert Merton, what is the term for when an individual accepts the goals of society but uses illegitimate means to achieve them?
A. Conformity
B. Innovation
C. Ritualism
D. Rebellion
25. What is the term for the process by which individuals internalize the values, beliefs, and norms of their social group and develop a sense of self?
A. Socialization
B. Assimilation
C. Acculturation
D. Diffusion
26. Which of the following is an example of `cultural lag`?
A. The rapid spread of smartphones across the globe
B. The development of new social norms to govern online behavior
C. The persistence of traditional values in the face of technological change
D. The adoption of foreign customs by a dominant culture
27. What is the term for the process by which societies become more urban and industrialized?
A. Globalization
B. Modernization
C. Urbanization
D. Industrialization
28. Which sociological perspective is most likely to emphasize the role of power and coercion in producing social order?
A. Symbolic interactionism
B. Functionalism
C. Conflict theory
D. Ethnomethodology
29. According to Karl Marx, what is the term for the working class in capitalist societies?
A. Bourgeoisie
B. Proletariat
C. Petty bourgeoisie
D. Lumpenproletariat
30. Which of the following is an example of a `total institution` as described by Erving Goffman?
A. A university
B. A hospital
C. A prison
D. A workplace
